Flocking is the subtle organization of part to part relationships. One of the most common examples of this is obviously flocks of birds, such as the starlings at Otmoor(see video after the break). Flocking in that case consists of a couple elements. The first being clustering of parts, so these parts are forming a spatial relationship of proximity. The next being a correspondence to average heading, each of those starlings not only react to the spatial field of the others, but also to the direction in which they are headed. The final element is a collection of average mass, this is almost a example of part to whole, except for the fact that it is less a reaction and more of a product generated by the first two rules. The starlings as a field of objects generate an emergent condition, the first two elements are a reaction, while the center of mass is something else entirely it is an emergent product generated through the complexity of the system.

A Flock of Starlings at Otmoor

The challenge now is to generate an architecture from these systems and emergent qualities. After the initial analysis, it was important to generate an abstract system that could better explain the nuances of the system at work. The first step was creating an object, a boid, which is short for bird and droid. The first boids were developed by Craig Reynolds, for a quick history lesson visit his website, Craig Reynolds. A boid is the perfect solution for this system as it is the most basic shape that shows direction. As explained in the first analysis, the boids must respond both to the proximity of others and the direction. The second part of the image below demonstrates how this was done, there is a circle drawn around the first boid which is double the width, this creates a proximity on which to work. The second step is to rotate the boid based on two conditions a comparison of the vector of the previous boid and the tangent of the proximity circle. For the first iteration this creates solely a perpendicular relationship, but the more iterations that occur the more the angle will vary. This emulates how as the pieces become more distant from the origin there is less control.

The next image demonstrates object avoidance and the most important part of the system. The new arc is generated similarly to the first circle, except that the portion of circle within the first has been removed in order to maintain object avoidance. This is essential because the next step involves a ratio to find the next boid location. The interesting thing about this is that as you adjust boid location at the origin, the ratios will remain, but the position generated will change. This is what creates the reactive system, each boid is reacting to the others.

The following images explain in depth the system described above. The new location is reacting to a chosen ration and the rotation is once again a comparison of the vector from the previous boid and the tangent of the location on the arc. This system is repeated as needed.

I chose only three generation of boids in order to keep the system manageable, however in theory this system could be deployed ad infinitum. One of the final steps of the individual system was to prepare it for aggregation. It made sense to maintain the language of the system and continue the rules set forth.

Finally the system is aggregated together; and once again each of the individual spheres of influence are reacting to each other. Essentially creating flocks that react to other flocks. One of the most interesting things about this project is that it was accomplished within grasshopper, a plug-in for rhino. Grasshopper is a graphic system for coding within rhino, it however follows a very linear program logic. Referring back to the early analysis it is clear that flocking is anything but linear. Flocking would be more suited to a recursive language where there is some kind of conditional statement, such as:

If(boids are too close)

Then(move boids so they are not close)

Otherwise(do nothing)

This kind of conditional statement would be responsive to individual situations. It would loop continuously asking the question, are the boids too close, and when they are no longer in proximity it terminates itself. Grasshopper, however requires that as you build your system the, piece’s reaction is built in.

 

    Organization, the ultimate goal of architecture, is essential to coherent design.  Architecture strives for some factor that defines its conception.  Design decisions based upon an organizing principle are always stronger and easier to comprehend.

     So all this organizing is meant to achieve what?  Space, but what is that?  This word is thrown around by architects all the time, and is rarely explained in school.  Space is the sum of the experience of being at a location, based upon the organization of materials on hand.  Corbusier would say that space is about axes and how light plays off the surfaces of forms.  Both of these are incredibly important, the axis helps to understand what is being experienced and when.  An example once again from Corbusier “ Architectural buildings should not all be placed upon axes, for this would be like so many people talking at once”. 

      Another example of axis is Eisenmann’s House VI.  In this house, the axises become tools in the form making process.  The house is divided into quadrants which are further divided by intersections of marking from a set of rules, this creates new divisions.  As a tool, these intersecting zones and quadrants become very interesting when introduced in section.  House VI is an excellent example of using the axes to create interesting space without forgetting the human scale.  Its very easy for the architect to lose perspective and forget that the reason for the axis is not only for the architects organizing principles, but also for the occupants to better understand the boundaries created by the architect.

 So it really isn’t the axis that is the key, but the new boundaries that are perceived.  Space then by that definition is a boundary that the human mind can distinguish. 

-Image of City from ShiftOperations